Unit 3- Cultural Patterns and Processes- (Language, Religion, and More)
Topics for Unit 3
1. Introduction of Culture
2. Cultural Landscapes
3. Cultural Patterns
4. Types of Diffusion
5. Historical Causes of Diffusion
6. Contemporary Causes of Diffusion
7. Diffusion of Religion and Language
8. Effects of Diffusion
1. Introduction of Culture
2. Cultural Landscapes
3. Cultural Patterns
4. Types of Diffusion
5. Historical Causes of Diffusion
6. Contemporary Causes of Diffusion
7. Diffusion of Religion and Language
8. Effects of Diffusion
Unit 3 Vocabulary
Culture- refers to the beliefs, values, practices, behaviors and technologies shared by a society and passed down (learned) from generation to generation
Cultural trait- a shared objector cultural practice
Artifacts- a visible object or technology that a culture creates
Sociofacts- a structure or organization of a culture that influences social behavior
Mentifacts- a central, enduring element of a culture that reflects its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs
Popular culture- the widespread behaviors, beliefs, and practices or ordinary people in society at a given point in time.
Traditional culture- the long established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down from generation to generation.
Cultural norms- a shared standard or pattern the guides the behavior of a gourd of people
Ethnocentrism- the process by which the people of a country identify as having one common ethnicity, religion, beliefs, and language, creating a sense of pride and identity that is tied to the territory also called ethnic nationalism
Cultural Relativism- the evaluation of a culture by its own standards
Cultural Landscape- a natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values.
Identity-the ways in which humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed by others.
Sequent occupance- the notion that successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint, a collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region, which shapes the cultural landscape.
Ethnicity-the state belonging to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics
Traditional architecture- an established building style of different cultures, religions and places.
Postmodern architecture- a building style that emerged as a reaction to “modern” designs and values diversity in design
Religion- a system of spiritual beliefs that helps form cultural perceptions, attitudes, beliefs and values.
Pilgrimage-a journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons
Language- a distinct system of communication that is the carrier of human thoughts and cultural identities.
Toponyms- a place name
Gendered spaces-a space designed and deliberately incorporated into the landscape to accommodate gender roles
Gender identity- an individuals innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both or neither.
Safe spaces- a space of acceptance for people who are sometimes marginalized by society
Gentrification- the renovations and improvements conforming to middle class preferences.
Third Place- a communal space that is separate from home (1st place) or work ( 2nd place)
Sense of Place- the subjective feelings and memories people associate with a geographic location
Place making- a community driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, play and learn.
Dialects- a variation of a standard language specific to a general area, with differences in pronunciation, degrees of rapidity in speech, world choice and spelling.
Adherents- a person who is loyal to a belief, religion or organization
Denomination- a separate church organization that unites a number of local congregations
Sect- a relatively small group that has separated from an established denomination
Centripetal forces- a force that unites a group of people
Centrifugal forces- a force that divides a group of people
Cultural hearth- an area where cultural traits diffuse
Cultural diffusion-the process by which a cultural train spreads from one place to another over time
Expansion diffusion- the spread of a cultural trait outward from where it originated
Contagious diffusion- the process by which an idea or cultural trait spreads rapidly among people of all social classes and levels of power.
Hierarchical diffusion- the spread of an idea or trait from a person or place of power or authority to other people or places
Stimulus diffusion- the process by which a cultural treat or idea spreads to another culture or region but is modified to adapt tot he new culture.
Relocation diffusion- the spread of cultural traits through the movement of people
Lingua Franca- common language used among speakers of different languages (sometimes for trade)
Creolization- The blending of two or more languages that may not include the features of either origin language
Globalization- the expansion of economic, culture and political processes on a worldwide scale
Cultural convergence- the process by which cultures become more similar through interaction
Cultural divergence- the process by which cultures become less similar due to conflicting beliefs or other barriers
Acculturation- the process by which people within one cult adopt some of the traits of another while retains their own distinct culture.
Assimilation- a category of acculturation in which the interaction of two cultures results in one
Syncretism- process of innovation combining different cultural features into something new
Multiculturalism- a situation in which different cultures live together without assimilating
Nativism- anti-immigrant attitudes may form among the cultural majority sometimes brining violence or government actions against the immigrant or minority group
Cultural Appropriation- the act of adopting elements of another culture
Collectivist Cultures- a culture in which people are expected to conform to collective responsibility with the family and to be obedient to and respectful of elder family members
Language family- a group of languages that share a common ancestral language from a particular hearth or region of origin
Isolate- a language that is unrelated to any other known languages
Language branch- a collection of languages within a common origin and separated from other branches in the same family several thousand years ago.
Language groups- language within a language branch that shares a common ancestor in the relatively recent past and have vocabularies with a high degree of overlap
Dialects- a variation of standard language specific to general area, with differences in pronunciation, degree of rapidity in speech, word choice, and spelling.
Universalizing religions- a religion that tries to appeal to all humans and is open to membership by everyone
Christianity-an universalizing religion based on the teaching of Jesus Christ that began in what is now the West Bank and Israel around the beginning of the common era and has spread to all continents.
Islam- an universalizing religion based on the teachings of Muhammad that originated in the hearth of Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century.
Buddhism- the oldest universalizing religion which arose from a hearth in northeastern India sometime between the mid-sixth and mid fourth centuries BCE and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama aka the Buddha
Sikhism- The newest universalizing religion, founded by Guru Nanak, who lived from 1469 to 1539, in the Punjab region of Northwestern India
Ethnic Religions- a religion that is closely tied with a particular ethnic group often living in a particular place
Hinduism- an ethnic religion that arose a few thousand yeas ago in South Asia and is closely tied to India
Judaism- The world’s first monotheistic region, which developed among the Hebrew people of the Southwest Asia (Middle East) about 4,000 years ago.
Secularized- focused on worldly rather than spiritual concerns
Taboo- behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture (like eating certain foods)
Xenophobia- fear or hatred toward foreigners.
Cultural trait- a shared objector cultural practice
Artifacts- a visible object or technology that a culture creates
Sociofacts- a structure or organization of a culture that influences social behavior
Mentifacts- a central, enduring element of a culture that reflects its shared ideas, values, knowledge, and beliefs
Popular culture- the widespread behaviors, beliefs, and practices or ordinary people in society at a given point in time.
Traditional culture- the long established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down from generation to generation.
Cultural norms- a shared standard or pattern the guides the behavior of a gourd of people
Ethnocentrism- the process by which the people of a country identify as having one common ethnicity, religion, beliefs, and language, creating a sense of pride and identity that is tied to the territory also called ethnic nationalism
Cultural Relativism- the evaluation of a culture by its own standards
Cultural Landscape- a natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values.
Identity-the ways in which humans make sense of themselves and how they wish to be viewed by others.
Sequent occupance- the notion that successive societies leave behind their cultural imprint, a collection of evidence about human character and experiences within a geographic region, which shapes the cultural landscape.
Ethnicity-the state belonging to a group of people who share common cultural characteristics
Traditional architecture- an established building style of different cultures, religions and places.
Postmodern architecture- a building style that emerged as a reaction to “modern” designs and values diversity in design
Religion- a system of spiritual beliefs that helps form cultural perceptions, attitudes, beliefs and values.
Pilgrimage-a journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons
Language- a distinct system of communication that is the carrier of human thoughts and cultural identities.
Toponyms- a place name
Gendered spaces-a space designed and deliberately incorporated into the landscape to accommodate gender roles
Gender identity- an individuals innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both or neither.
Safe spaces- a space of acceptance for people who are sometimes marginalized by society
Gentrification- the renovations and improvements conforming to middle class preferences.
Third Place- a communal space that is separate from home (1st place) or work ( 2nd place)
Sense of Place- the subjective feelings and memories people associate with a geographic location
Place making- a community driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, play and learn.
Dialects- a variation of a standard language specific to a general area, with differences in pronunciation, degrees of rapidity in speech, world choice and spelling.
Adherents- a person who is loyal to a belief, religion or organization
Denomination- a separate church organization that unites a number of local congregations
Sect- a relatively small group that has separated from an established denomination
Centripetal forces- a force that unites a group of people
Centrifugal forces- a force that divides a group of people
Cultural hearth- an area where cultural traits diffuse
Cultural diffusion-the process by which a cultural train spreads from one place to another over time
Expansion diffusion- the spread of a cultural trait outward from where it originated
Contagious diffusion- the process by which an idea or cultural trait spreads rapidly among people of all social classes and levels of power.
Hierarchical diffusion- the spread of an idea or trait from a person or place of power or authority to other people or places
Stimulus diffusion- the process by which a cultural treat or idea spreads to another culture or region but is modified to adapt tot he new culture.
Relocation diffusion- the spread of cultural traits through the movement of people
Lingua Franca- common language used among speakers of different languages (sometimes for trade)
Creolization- The blending of two or more languages that may not include the features of either origin language
Globalization- the expansion of economic, culture and political processes on a worldwide scale
Cultural convergence- the process by which cultures become more similar through interaction
Cultural divergence- the process by which cultures become less similar due to conflicting beliefs or other barriers
Acculturation- the process by which people within one cult adopt some of the traits of another while retains their own distinct culture.
Assimilation- a category of acculturation in which the interaction of two cultures results in one
Syncretism- process of innovation combining different cultural features into something new
Multiculturalism- a situation in which different cultures live together without assimilating
Nativism- anti-immigrant attitudes may form among the cultural majority sometimes brining violence or government actions against the immigrant or minority group
Cultural Appropriation- the act of adopting elements of another culture
Collectivist Cultures- a culture in which people are expected to conform to collective responsibility with the family and to be obedient to and respectful of elder family members
Language family- a group of languages that share a common ancestral language from a particular hearth or region of origin
Isolate- a language that is unrelated to any other known languages
Language branch- a collection of languages within a common origin and separated from other branches in the same family several thousand years ago.
Language groups- language within a language branch that shares a common ancestor in the relatively recent past and have vocabularies with a high degree of overlap
Dialects- a variation of standard language specific to general area, with differences in pronunciation, degree of rapidity in speech, word choice, and spelling.
Universalizing religions- a religion that tries to appeal to all humans and is open to membership by everyone
Christianity-an universalizing religion based on the teaching of Jesus Christ that began in what is now the West Bank and Israel around the beginning of the common era and has spread to all continents.
Islam- an universalizing religion based on the teachings of Muhammad that originated in the hearth of Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century.
Buddhism- the oldest universalizing religion which arose from a hearth in northeastern India sometime between the mid-sixth and mid fourth centuries BCE and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama aka the Buddha
Sikhism- The newest universalizing religion, founded by Guru Nanak, who lived from 1469 to 1539, in the Punjab region of Northwestern India
Ethnic Religions- a religion that is closely tied with a particular ethnic group often living in a particular place
Hinduism- an ethnic religion that arose a few thousand yeas ago in South Asia and is closely tied to India
Judaism- The world’s first monotheistic region, which developed among the Hebrew people of the Southwest Asia (Middle East) about 4,000 years ago.
Secularized- focused on worldly rather than spiritual concerns
Taboo- behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture (like eating certain foods)
Xenophobia- fear or hatred toward foreigners.
Questions to Ponder:
1. What are the characteristics, attitudes and traits that influence geographers when they study culture?
2.
2.