Urbanization- Cities and Urban Land Use Patterns
Unit 6 Topics-
1. The Origin and Influence of Urbanization
2. Cities Across the World
3. Cities and Globalization
4. The Size and Distribution of Cities
5. The Internal Structure of Cities
6. Density and Land Use
7. Infrastructure
8. Urban Sustainability
9. Urban Data
10. Challenges of Urban Changes
11. Challenges of Urban Sustainability
1. The Origin and Influence of Urbanization
2. Cities Across the World
3. Cities and Globalization
4. The Size and Distribution of Cities
5. The Internal Structure of Cities
6. Density and Land Use
7. Infrastructure
8. Urban Sustainability
9. Urban Data
10. Challenges of Urban Changes
11. Challenges of Urban Sustainability
Unit 6 Vocabulary list
Ecumene- a Greek term for a permanently inhabited portion of the earth’s surface- Geographers have three board categories to examine this model- Urban Areas (cities), Suburbs residential areas near cities, Rural Areas (farms and villages)
Urban area- a city and its surrounding suburbs
Urbanization- Urban growth and development
Metropolitan area- a city and the surrounding areas that are influenced economically and culturally by the city
Site- a place’s absolute location, as well as its physical characteristics, such as the land forms, climates and resources
Situation- location of a place in relation to other places or its surrounding features - describes a places connection to other places, such as transportation routes (roads, rails, waterways) political association and economic and cultural ties.
Urban sprawl- areas of poorly planned, low-density development surrounding a city.
Edge city- a type of community located on the outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers with office space, retail complexes, and other amenities typical of an urban center.
Boomburb- a suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents
Exurb- a typically fast-growing community outside of or on the edge of a metropolitan area where the residents and community are closely connected to the central city and suburbs
Infill- is redevelopment that identifies and develops vacant parcels of land within previously built areas.
Gravity model- a model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
Rank size rule- explanation of size of cities within a country; states the second largest city will be one half the size of the largest, the third largest will be one-third the size of the largest and so on.
Primate-city rule- the largest city in a country, which far exceeds the next city in population size and importance
Central Place Theory- a theory used to describe the spatial relationship between cities and their surrounding communities.
Threshold- In Central Place Theory, the number of people needed to support a certain good or service and range
Range- the distance that someone is willing to travel for a good or service
Megacity- cities with populations of more than 10 million
Metacity- has more than 20 million people---note that these population measurements refer to metropolitan areas rather than city boundaries when designating an urban area as a mega city or a meta city
World cities- have influence not only over their country or region, but also across the globe
Concentric-zone model (Ernest Burgess- Chicago 1924) a model of urban development depicting a city growing outward from a central business district in a series of concentric rings.
Sector model (Homer Hoyt 1939) a model of urban development depicting a city with wedge-shaped sectors and divisions emanating from the central business district generally around transit routes
Multiple-nuclei model (Chanuncey Harris and Edward Ullman 1945) a model of urban development depicting a city where growth occurs around the progressive integration of multiple nodes, not around the central business district
Nodes- a focal point of a functional region
Galactic city model (Pierce Lewis 1980s) a model of urban development depicting a city where economic activity has moved from the central business district toward loose coalitions of other urban areas and suburbs, also known as the peripheral model
Latin American city model (Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford 1980) a model of urban development depicting a city with a central business district, concentric rings, and sections stricken by poverty, also known as the Griffin-Ford model (favelas, barrios, periferico)
Disamenity zones- a high poverty urban area in a disadvantaged location containing steep slopes, flood-prone ground, rail lines, land fills, or industry
Squatter settlements- an informal housing area beset with overcrowding and poverty that features temporary homes often made of wood scraps or metal sheeting
African City model (Harm de Blij 1962). A model of urban development depicting a city with three central business districts, growing outward in a series of concentric rings
Southeast Asian city model- (T.G. McGee 1967). A model of urban development depicting a city oriented around a port and lacking a formal central business district, growing outward in concentric rings also multiple nodes.
Zoning- a process of dividing a city or urban area into zones with which only certain land uses are permitted
M.U.D. Mixed- Use development- a single planned development designed to include multiple uses, such as a residential, retail, educational, recreational, industrial and office spaces.
Walkability- a measure of how safe, convenient, and efficient it is to walk in an urban environment.
Ecological footprint- impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of and required to sustain their use of natural resources.
Transportation- Oriented Development- The creation of dense, walkable, pedestrian oriented, mixed-use communities centered around or acted near a transit station
Smart-Growth Policies- policy implemented to create sustainable communities by placing development in convenient locations and designing it to be more efficient and environmentally responsible.
Mixed use zoning- zoning that permits multiple land uses in the same space or structure.
Traditional zoning- zoning that creates separate zones based on land use type or economic function such as various categories of residential (low, medium or high density) commercial or industrial.
New Urbanism- a school of thought that promotes designing growth to limit the amount of urban sprawl and preserve nature and usable farm land
Slow-growth cities- city where planners have used smart-growth policies to decrease the rate at which the city grows outward (sprawl)
Urban growth boundary- a boundary that separates urban land uses from rural land uses by limiting how far a city can expand
Greenbelt- a ring of parkland, agricultural land, or other type of open space maintained around an urban area to limit sprawl
De facto segregation- segregation that results from residential settlement patterns rather than prejudicial laws
Red lining- practice by which a financial institution such as a bank, refuses to offer home loans on the basis of a neighborhood racial and ethic makeup
Block busting- a practice by real estate agents who would stir up concern that Black families would soon move into a neighborhood. The agents would convince White property owners to sell their houses at below market value
Zones of abandonment- Area that has been largely deserted due to lack of jobs, declines in land value, and falling demand
Filtering- the process of neighborhood change in which housing vacated by more affluent groups passes down the income scale to lower income groups
Inclusionary zoning laws- law that creates affordable housing by offering incentives for developers to set aside a minimum percentage of new housing construction to be allocated for low-income renters or buyers
Land tenure- the legal rights, as defined by a society, associated with owning land
Eminent domain- a governments right to take over privately owned property for public use or interest
Environmental injustice- the ways in which communities of color and poor people are more likely to be exposed to environment burdens such as air pollution or contaminated water, also called environmental racism.
Regional planning- planning conducted at a regional scale that seeks to coordinate the development of housing, transportation, urban infrastructure and. Economic activities
Brownfields- abandoned and polluted industrial site in a central city or suburb
Gentrification- the renovations and improvements conforming to middle-class preferences- typically forcing low income people of their traditional neighborhoods
Suburbanization- the shifting of population away from city into surrounding suburbs
Suburbs- less densely populated residential and commercial areas surrounding the cities
City-State- an urban center that functions independently from other city-states. (seen in early human urban development)
Borchert’s Model- each new form or technology produced a new system that changed how people moved themselves and goods in and between urban areas.
Hoyt’s Model- The model places the sectors for the low-income, lower-quality housing next to these industrial and transportation zones, and it places high-income residences extending in a wedge away form these zones along wide tree-lined boulevards or on higher ground.
Annexation- the process of adding land to a city’s legally defined territory.
Scattered Site- an approach employed in some cities to alleviate the problems of public housing. In this approach public housing was dispersed throughout areas of the city. Children thus had access to better local schools and amenities available in wealthier neighborhoods.
Homelessness- the condition of not having a permanent place to live.
Public Transportation- a solution to moving people around an urban area using buses, subways, light rail, and trains operated by a government agency.
Urban Canyons- streets lined with tall buildings, can channel and intensify wind. These tall buildings also prevent natural sunlight from reaching the ground- also soils are compacted and replaced with surfaces impermeable to water that can cause flooding.
Urban Wildlife- some animals thrive in cities (rats, raccoons, pigeons) can thrive in cities but they also spread disease and can be a nuisance to people. - feral cats, dogs and snakes also can cause issues- as well as other native animals such as deer, coyotes, bears, cougars, monkeys and alligators.
Urban area- a city and its surrounding suburbs
Urbanization- Urban growth and development
Metropolitan area- a city and the surrounding areas that are influenced economically and culturally by the city
Site- a place’s absolute location, as well as its physical characteristics, such as the land forms, climates and resources
Situation- location of a place in relation to other places or its surrounding features - describes a places connection to other places, such as transportation routes (roads, rails, waterways) political association and economic and cultural ties.
Urban sprawl- areas of poorly planned, low-density development surrounding a city.
Edge city- a type of community located on the outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers with office space, retail complexes, and other amenities typical of an urban center.
Boomburb- a suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents
Exurb- a typically fast-growing community outside of or on the edge of a metropolitan area where the residents and community are closely connected to the central city and suburbs
Infill- is redevelopment that identifies and develops vacant parcels of land within previously built areas.
Gravity model- a model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
Rank size rule- explanation of size of cities within a country; states the second largest city will be one half the size of the largest, the third largest will be one-third the size of the largest and so on.
Primate-city rule- the largest city in a country, which far exceeds the next city in population size and importance
Central Place Theory- a theory used to describe the spatial relationship between cities and their surrounding communities.
Threshold- In Central Place Theory, the number of people needed to support a certain good or service and range
Range- the distance that someone is willing to travel for a good or service
Megacity- cities with populations of more than 10 million
Metacity- has more than 20 million people---note that these population measurements refer to metropolitan areas rather than city boundaries when designating an urban area as a mega city or a meta city
World cities- have influence not only over their country or region, but also across the globe
Concentric-zone model (Ernest Burgess- Chicago 1924) a model of urban development depicting a city growing outward from a central business district in a series of concentric rings.
Sector model (Homer Hoyt 1939) a model of urban development depicting a city with wedge-shaped sectors and divisions emanating from the central business district generally around transit routes
Multiple-nuclei model (Chanuncey Harris and Edward Ullman 1945) a model of urban development depicting a city where growth occurs around the progressive integration of multiple nodes, not around the central business district
Nodes- a focal point of a functional region
Galactic city model (Pierce Lewis 1980s) a model of urban development depicting a city where economic activity has moved from the central business district toward loose coalitions of other urban areas and suburbs, also known as the peripheral model
Latin American city model (Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford 1980) a model of urban development depicting a city with a central business district, concentric rings, and sections stricken by poverty, also known as the Griffin-Ford model (favelas, barrios, periferico)
Disamenity zones- a high poverty urban area in a disadvantaged location containing steep slopes, flood-prone ground, rail lines, land fills, or industry
Squatter settlements- an informal housing area beset with overcrowding and poverty that features temporary homes often made of wood scraps or metal sheeting
African City model (Harm de Blij 1962). A model of urban development depicting a city with three central business districts, growing outward in a series of concentric rings
Southeast Asian city model- (T.G. McGee 1967). A model of urban development depicting a city oriented around a port and lacking a formal central business district, growing outward in concentric rings also multiple nodes.
Zoning- a process of dividing a city or urban area into zones with which only certain land uses are permitted
M.U.D. Mixed- Use development- a single planned development designed to include multiple uses, such as a residential, retail, educational, recreational, industrial and office spaces.
Walkability- a measure of how safe, convenient, and efficient it is to walk in an urban environment.
Ecological footprint- impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of and required to sustain their use of natural resources.
Transportation- Oriented Development- The creation of dense, walkable, pedestrian oriented, mixed-use communities centered around or acted near a transit station
Smart-Growth Policies- policy implemented to create sustainable communities by placing development in convenient locations and designing it to be more efficient and environmentally responsible.
Mixed use zoning- zoning that permits multiple land uses in the same space or structure.
Traditional zoning- zoning that creates separate zones based on land use type or economic function such as various categories of residential (low, medium or high density) commercial or industrial.
New Urbanism- a school of thought that promotes designing growth to limit the amount of urban sprawl and preserve nature and usable farm land
Slow-growth cities- city where planners have used smart-growth policies to decrease the rate at which the city grows outward (sprawl)
Urban growth boundary- a boundary that separates urban land uses from rural land uses by limiting how far a city can expand
Greenbelt- a ring of parkland, agricultural land, or other type of open space maintained around an urban area to limit sprawl
De facto segregation- segregation that results from residential settlement patterns rather than prejudicial laws
Red lining- practice by which a financial institution such as a bank, refuses to offer home loans on the basis of a neighborhood racial and ethic makeup
Block busting- a practice by real estate agents who would stir up concern that Black families would soon move into a neighborhood. The agents would convince White property owners to sell their houses at below market value
Zones of abandonment- Area that has been largely deserted due to lack of jobs, declines in land value, and falling demand
Filtering- the process of neighborhood change in which housing vacated by more affluent groups passes down the income scale to lower income groups
Inclusionary zoning laws- law that creates affordable housing by offering incentives for developers to set aside a minimum percentage of new housing construction to be allocated for low-income renters or buyers
Land tenure- the legal rights, as defined by a society, associated with owning land
Eminent domain- a governments right to take over privately owned property for public use or interest
Environmental injustice- the ways in which communities of color and poor people are more likely to be exposed to environment burdens such as air pollution or contaminated water, also called environmental racism.
Regional planning- planning conducted at a regional scale that seeks to coordinate the development of housing, transportation, urban infrastructure and. Economic activities
Brownfields- abandoned and polluted industrial site in a central city or suburb
Gentrification- the renovations and improvements conforming to middle-class preferences- typically forcing low income people of their traditional neighborhoods
Suburbanization- the shifting of population away from city into surrounding suburbs
Suburbs- less densely populated residential and commercial areas surrounding the cities
City-State- an urban center that functions independently from other city-states. (seen in early human urban development)
Borchert’s Model- each new form or technology produced a new system that changed how people moved themselves and goods in and between urban areas.
Hoyt’s Model- The model places the sectors for the low-income, lower-quality housing next to these industrial and transportation zones, and it places high-income residences extending in a wedge away form these zones along wide tree-lined boulevards or on higher ground.
Annexation- the process of adding land to a city’s legally defined territory.
Scattered Site- an approach employed in some cities to alleviate the problems of public housing. In this approach public housing was dispersed throughout areas of the city. Children thus had access to better local schools and amenities available in wealthier neighborhoods.
Homelessness- the condition of not having a permanent place to live.
Public Transportation- a solution to moving people around an urban area using buses, subways, light rail, and trains operated by a government agency.
Urban Canyons- streets lined with tall buildings, can channel and intensify wind. These tall buildings also prevent natural sunlight from reaching the ground- also soils are compacted and replaced with surfaces impermeable to water that can cause flooding.
Urban Wildlife- some animals thrive in cities (rats, raccoons, pigeons) can thrive in cities but they also spread disease and can be a nuisance to people. - feral cats, dogs and snakes also can cause issues- as well as other native animals such as deer, coyotes, bears, cougars, monkeys and alligators.
Questions to Ponder for Unit 6- Urban Land Use Patterns
- site
- situation
- urbanization
- megacities
- metacities
- periphery
- semi-periphery
- suburbanization
- urban sprawl
- urban decentralization
- edge city
- exurb
- boomburb
- world city
- urban hierarchy
- globalization
- rank-size rule
- primate city
- gravity model
- Christaller's central place theory
- Burgess concentric-zone model
- Hoyt sector model
- Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei model
- galactic city model
- bid-rent theory
- Latin American city model
- Southeast Asian city model
- African city model
- infilling
- infrastructure
- sustainable design initiatives
- sustainable design zoning
- mixed land use
- urban walkability
- transportation-oriented development
- smart-growth policies
- New Urbanism
- greenbelts
- slow-growth cities
- de facto segregation
- historical character
- place character
- quantitative data
- census data
- survey data
- qualitative data
- field study
- field narrative
- housing discrimination
- redlining
- blockbusting
- housing affordability
- environmental injustice
- disamenity zone
- zone of abandonment
- squatter settlement
- land tenure
- inclusionary zoning
- local food movement
- urban renewal
- gentrification
- functional fragmentation of government
- geographic fragmentation of government
- urban sustainability
- ecological footprint
- remediation
- redevelopment
- brownfields
- urban growth boundary
- farmland protection policy